TY - JOUR

T1 - Interaction of Vitamin D and Smoking on Inflammatory Markers in the Urban Elderly

AU - Lee, Hyemi

AU - Kim, Kyoung-Nam

AU - Lim, Youn-Hee

AU - Hong, Yun-Chul

PY - 2015

Y1 - 2015

N2 - OBJECTIVES: Epidemiological studies have reported that vitamin D deficiency is associated with inflammatory disease. Smoking is a well-known risk factor for inflammation. However, few studies have investigated the interactive effect of vitamin D deficiency and smoking on inflammation. This study aims to investigate the interaction of vitamin D and smoking with inflammatory markers in the urban elderly.METHODS: We used data from the Korean Elderly Environmental Panel Study, which began in August 2008 and ended in August 2010, and included 560 Koreans ≥60 years old living in Seoul. Data was collected via questionnaires that included items about smoking status at the first visit. Vitamin D levels, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and white blood cell (WBC) counts were repeatedly measured up to three times.RESULTS: The association of vitamin D and hs-CRP was significant after adjusting for known confounders (β=-0.080, p=0.041). After separate analysis by smoking status, the association of vitamin D deficiency and hs-CRP in smokers was stronger than that in nonsmokers (smokers: β=-0.375, p=0.013; non-smokers: β=-0.060, p=0.150). Smoking status was an effect modifier that changed the association between vitamin D deficiency and hs-CRP (interaction estimate: β=-0.254, p=0.032). Vitamin D was not significantly associated with WBC count (β=0.003, p=0.805).CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency was associated with hs-CRP in the urban elderly. Smoking status was an effect modifier of this association. Vitamin D deficiency was not significantly associated with WBC count.

AB - OBJECTIVES: Epidemiological studies have reported that vitamin D deficiency is associated with inflammatory disease. Smoking is a well-known risk factor for inflammation. However, few studies have investigated the interactive effect of vitamin D deficiency and smoking on inflammation. This study aims to investigate the interaction of vitamin D and smoking with inflammatory markers in the urban elderly.METHODS: We used data from the Korean Elderly Environmental Panel Study, which began in August 2008 and ended in August 2010, and included 560 Koreans ≥60 years old living in Seoul. Data was collected via questionnaires that included items about smoking status at the first visit. Vitamin D levels, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and white blood cell (WBC) counts were repeatedly measured up to three times.RESULTS: The association of vitamin D and hs-CRP was significant after adjusting for known confounders (β=-0.080, p=0.041). After separate analysis by smoking status, the association of vitamin D deficiency and hs-CRP in smokers was stronger than that in nonsmokers (smokers: β=-0.375, p=0.013; non-smokers: β=-0.060, p=0.150). Smoking status was an effect modifier that changed the association between vitamin D deficiency and hs-CRP (interaction estimate: β=-0.254, p=0.032). Vitamin D was not significantly associated with WBC count (β=0.003, p=0.805).CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency was associated with hs-CRP in the urban elderly. Smoking status was an effect modifier of this association. Vitamin D deficiency was not significantly associated with WBC count.

KW - 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2/blood

KW - Aged

KW - Biomarkers/blood

KW - Body Mass Index

KW - C-Reactive Protein/analysis

KW - Female

KW - Humans

KW - Inflammation

KW - Leukocyte Count

KW - Male

KW - Middle Aged

KW - Smoking

KW - Urban Population

KW - Vitamin D/blood

KW - Vitamin D Deficiency/diagnosis

U2 - 10.3961/jpmph.15.042

DO - 10.3961/jpmph.15.042

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 26429291

VL - 48

SP - 249

EP - 256

JO - Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

JF - Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

SN - 1975-8375

IS - 5

ER -